In what situation would Fair Use apply?

Fair Use is a legal doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without obtaining permission from the rights holders, typically for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. In the context of the provided scenario, the situation where a researcher uses excerpts in a critical review fits well within the principles of Fair Use.

This involves taking a small portion of the work for the purpose of analysis or commentary, which is considered transformative and does not compete with the original work. It allows the researcher to provide insights, critique the original work, or contribute to academic discourse, highlighting the educational and scholarly intent behind the use of the material. The use of excerpts in critical reviews tends to meet the factors considered in Fair Use, such as the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount used in relation to the whole, and the effect of the use on the market for the original work.

In contrast, the other options do not align with Fair Use principles. A teacher sharing copyrighted material in a classroom may not necessarily be covered under Fair Use, as it depends on the specifics of the situation and whether it qualifies as educational use. A business selling copies of a protected work outright infringes on copyright. Similarly